🇬🇧 English: Pattern Group 1 — No Change (V1 = V2 = V3)
25+ VerbsBase form, Past Simple, and Past Participle remain identical.
| Base Form (V1) | Past Simple (V2) | Past Participle (V3) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| cut | cut | cut | to divide with a sharp tool |
| put | put | put | to place somewhere |
| set | set | set | to adjust / establish |
| cost | cost | cost | to require payment |
🇬🇧 English: Pattern Group 2 — Vowel Shift (i -> a -> u)
15+ VerbsPredictable vowel transition from 'i' in V1 to 'a' in V2 to 'u' in V3.
| Base Form (V1) | Past Simple (V2) | Past Participle (V3) | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| sing | sang | sung | to make musical sounds with voice |
| swim | swam | swum | to move through water |
| drink | drank | drunk | to swallow liquids |
| begin | began | begun | to start something |
🇫🇷 French: 1st Conjugation (-er verbs)
Regular (90% of verbs)Standard present endings: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent.
Examples: parler, aimer, chanter, regarder, danser.
🇮🇹 Italian: -isc- Inchoative Verbs (-ire)
30+ VerbsInsert -isc- in singular and 3rd person plural present indicative.
Examples: finire (finisco), capire (capisco), preferire (preferisco).
🇷🇺 Russian: Aspectual Pairs (НСВ / СВ)
Systemic FeatureImperfective (process/habit) vs Perfective (completed result).
Examples: читать / прочитать, делать / сделать, писать / написать.
🇬🇷 Greek: Contracted Verbs Class A (-άω / -ώ)
40+ VerbsAorist (past simple) stem shifts with -ησ- affix.
Examples: μιλώ (μίλησα), αγαπώ (αγάπησα), απαντώ (απάντησα).